最近網路上流傳了一張韓國學生課本的塗鴉，走的是韓劇的唯美風，而荷蘭萊頓大學教授Erik Kwakkel 正在研究中世紀學生課本上的塗鴉，他說: 「看到中世紀時的學生的課本塗鴉，和現在沒相差太多，我覺得很很驚訝!當我看到了僧侶以塗鴉表現自己的性格、幽默感時，就好像去了趟時光之旅，回到了中世紀，並坐在僧侶旁邊。」
Medieval eye candy
Dr Kwakkel is making an unlikely name for himself on the internet by posting "medieval eye candy" that he comes across during the course of his research. And the doodles are by far the most popular. "Normally, scribes would doodle or write snatches of lettering after cutting their nibs, to make sure they were the correct width," he says.
Kwakkel 教授把medieval eye candy放在網路上時，幫自己取了一個小綽號，而這些塗鴉是最受網友歡迎的，教授表示:「通常中世紀的抄寫員在切好筆頭之後，會稍微塗鴉一下或是試寫一下，用來確認自己筆頭寬度是對的。」
"These pen-tests ranged from the sort of scribbled lines that people still do today to words, names, full sentences, or simple drawings. Sometimes we even find pretty good drawings." These include funny faces with long beards, big hats or noses, as well as animals, unidentifiable creatures, and even caricatures of teachers and colleagues.
教授也說:「這些試寫包括了線條、幾個字、名字、一句話或是簡單的圖畫，有時候我們也發現了很棒的圖。」這包含了好笑且帶著鬍子的臉，大帽子或大鼻子，還會有動物、不知道是什麼的生物，甚至是諷刺老師或同事的畫。
source:http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/03/world/medieval-doodles/index.html?iid=article_sidebar
In the majority of cases, the doodles were never intended to be seen. They were drawn on the outside of the first and last pages of a book, which were later glued to wooden covers.
But although the glue has obliterated a great many doodles and pen-tests, a variety has survived the test of time.
原本大部分的塗鴉都不會被看見的，以前的人們在書皮上做畫，而書皮之後是會被黏上一層木頭封面的，雖然黏起來之後讓很多塗鴉和試寫痕跡都消失，但還是有許多被存下來。
"They offer a rare glimpse into the informal or private world of medieval monks," says Dr Kwakkel.
"Personally, I love the thumbprint, which was left by a careless scribe who spilled ink on his work. It seems so fresh and human, yet it happened 700 years ago."
教授表示:「這些塗鴉讓我們一窺中世紀非官方遺留下來的記錄，還有僧侶的私生活。我個人最喜歡的是一個大拇指印，這是一個粗心的抄寫員留下來的，他不小心打翻墨水到他的書上，這讓我覺得一切歷歷在目，能感受到是一個活生生的人做了這件事，但這是700年前了。」
source:http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/03/world/medieval-doodles/index.html?iid=article_sidebar
Hidden meanings 隱含的意義
For modern scholars, doodles and nib-tests can be more than mere curiosities.
When the scribes were trying out their quills, they often wrote in their own handwriting, rather than the heavily prescriptive styles demanded by their work.
現代學者對塗鴉和筆頭測試可不是只有好奇而已。
當抄寫員在側是時候，它們通常會用自己的方式書寫，而不是用工作時會用到的一致性樣式。
This allows academics like Dr Kwakkel to identify individual scribes -- who were rarely credited for their work -- and track their careers, including when they migrated across Europe.
Sometimes, they can also tell us about the classroom environment.
"I found one that is obviously a drawing of the face of a schoolmaster. You can recognize him from the teacher's hat on his head," says Dr Kwakkel. "It was obviously drawn by a student in class, seven centuries ago."
這樣的特色讓學者可以區分出不同的抄寫員，他們在工作上鮮少受到讚揚，也追蹤他們的職涯和人生，包括了他們跨越整個歐洲的過程。
我們也能從塗鴉看出一些教室環境的端倪，教授說:「我發現了一張畫著一位男老師的圖，我從老師的帽子辨認出來的，這很明顯的是在上課的學生畫的圖，但是是7世紀以前。」
resources : http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/03/world/medieval-doodles/
Some may have had a deeper meaning at the time, too, particularly the ones in the margins of the text (known technically as "marginalia").
有些塗鴉在當時也可能有深層的意義，尤其是書的空白處的備註。
One common trope was a drawing of a person's profile with a long, pointed nose. Dr Kwakkel believes that this was intended to highlight a particularly important sentence, as indicated by the end of the nose.
Another example shows a snatch of musical notes together with the lyrics of a hymn. The monk was probably trying to remind himself of a song; this, Dr Kwakkel says, is "one of the earliest example of musical notation that we have."
一個常見的畫法是畫出一個人的輪廓加上長長尖尖的鼻子，教授相信這是用來標記某些重要的句子，而鼻子尖處指的地方是句子的所在，另一個例子是僧侶用來記一首歌，並寫出了聖歌的音符和歌詞，這可能是最早的樂譜。
source: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/03/world/medieval-doodles/index.html?iid=article_sidebar
資料來源 : Gold mine of cheeky medieval doodles show ancestors just as silly as us
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